Chapter 75 Rhododendron species
75.1 Azaleas and rhododendrons
Both shrubs belong to the same genus, but have different growth habits. Both North American native and cultivated Asian rhododendrons have large fleshy leaves and oversized flowers that make them unsuited for bonsai. Conversely, azaleas make exceptional bonsai.
A satsuki azalea in full bloom. Link to original image
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75.2 Soil: Ericaceous Mix
Ratio: 3 parts bark, 1 part peat, 1-2 parts grit
Add-ins: dolomitic limestone (MAX of 2 lbs/yd), Tree-Tone (15 lbs/yd)
pH: ~5.5-6.0 (acidic). Shoot for pH 5.5 to 6.0, but no higher.
Moisture: Keep evenly moist.
75.3 Light
Azaleas tolerate low light, but will become leggy. They perform their best in half-day sun to full sun as long as the air temperature is relatively cool. During summer they get stressed by the heat, and really like some dappled shade midday.
75.4 Cultivation Notes
75.4.1 Potting and Root Pruning
Repot in early spring. Azaleas tend to have finer, shallower roots. Trim from the bottom of the root mass first. If the roots are congested, cut wedges from the flattened root mass that remove no more than 20% of the total mass.
75.4.1.1 Top Pruning
If done EARLY in the year, large branches can be cut back ver hard to bare wood. Latent buds will emerge within a few weeks. These can be clipped back to 2 leaves once they extend to 4-6 pairs. When cutting large branches, it is normal for an azalea not to bloom that year.
Continue pruning the secondary shoots until mid-summer, then let the growth continue undisturbed so flower buds can form. If you are trying to build ramification, you can sacrifice the flowers for the next year and continue fine pruning until late summer/early fall.
Azaleas can tolerate leaf pruning, but there are any number of small-leaved cultivars available in the nursery trade for a very reasonable price. I personally think it is better to choose one of these from the start than to force leaves to reduce.
This root-over rock azalea in the National Arboretum collection has been pruned to create a very sculptural silhouette that extends the interest of this tree well in summer, after the blooms have faded. Link to original image
75.4.2 Feeding
Azaleas like routine feeding with an organic or soluble fertilizer formulated for acid-loving plants. Holly Tone is a good choice for incorporating into soil; MirAcid works well for routine feeding every 2-3 weeks in summer.
75.4.3 Pests & Problems
They are supposedly susceptible to lace bugs occasionally, and to a fungal wilt caused by the Phytophthora soil fungus. My azaleas have been almost pest-free.
75.4.4 Winter Storage
Store in mulch outdoors. Try to place in a shaded area so buds do not break in a mid-winter warm spell. No other special precautions are needed.
75.5 Propagation Notes
Starter shrubs of the species azaleas are available from nurseries specializing in North American natives. I have tried to start native azaleas from seed without success, and even finding seeds to try it has been difficult.
Hybrids and cultivars are propagated using semi-hardened cuttings taken from branch tips (typically in summer). The stem should bend but not easily. Clip off tips of branches, making each cutting about 5 inches long.
Trim the cut ends of the azalea stem cuttings just below a leaf node, and remove all leaves from the bottom third of the cutting. Dip the stem end of each cutting in a rooting hormone. Insert the lower one-third of each cutting into a 1:1 mix of moist peat and perlite. Water in the cuttings gently. Cover the container with plastic to maintain high humidity, and place it in bright indirect light. Water as needed, and spray with fungicide if needed to prevent leaf mold. If a cutting turns black, pull it out.
After eight weeks, tug gently on each cutting, feeling for resistance. If you feel resistance, roots are developing and you can start exposing the cuttings to a few hours of morning sun. Once rooting has started, remove the plastic. In late summer, separate the plants and put each in its own pot. Keep them in a protected area until the following spring when they can be planted outdoors.
(Source: Propagating Azalea Cuttings: How To Root Azalea Cuttings, at https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/shrubs/azalea/propagating-azalea-cuttings.htm)
75.6 Artistic & Styling Notes
75.7 Additional Information
75.7.1 Natural History
75.7.1.1 Cultivation
A thinned satsuki azalea showing the branch structure. Link to original image
The traditional (and most sought after) subjects for bonsai are the Satsuki azaleas. According to the Azalea Society of America:
Satsuki evergreen azaleas have been hybridized in Japan for at least 500 years. The first Satsuki were probably natural hybrids of R. indicum and R. tamurae. In general, they are late-blooming (mid-May and June), with 1 to 5 inch single flowers, although some have semi-double or fully double flowers. Colors vary from white to pink, yellowish pink, red, reddish orange and purple, with solids, stripes, flakes, lines, sectors and margins of color on a lighter background. Satsuki foliage length varies from about 1/2 inch to 2 inches, with lanceolate to ovate leaves…
…Most Satsuki are compact, twiggy, slow growing plants, ranging from low and spreading to about 5 or 6 feet high in 10 or 15 years. They are cold-hardy to 0°F, with a few hardy to -10°F. They should be sited with protection from afternoon sun. (Source: https://www.azaleas.org/687-2/)
Looking beyond the satsuki, there are thousands of different azaleas that can be classified based on:
- Evergreen (native to Asia) vs. deciduous (natives of North America)
- Species vs. hybrids, and selected cultivars of each type
Again according to the Azalea Society, all of the evergreen azalea species are native to Japan, and were introduced and naturalized throughout Asia centuries ago. The species are sub-divided based on geographical relationships.
- Kyushu Group
- R. kaempferi, R. kiusianum, R. sataense, R. komiyamae
- Ryukyu Group
- R. Macrosepalum, R. ripense, R.scabrum
- Chinese Azaleas
- R. simsii
- Indica Group (hybrids of these species form the Satsuki and Gumpo cultivars)
- R. indicum, R. tamurae
- Many gumpos have R. nakaharai as another parent
- Taiwan (Formosa) Group
- R. oldhamii, R. rubropilosum, R. nakaharai
- Korean Azalea
- R. poukhanense
- Small Leaf Group
- R. serpyllifolium, R. tosaense, R. tschonoskii, R. microphyton
Deciduous azaleas tend to be native to North America. The species are divided into three groups by color: white, pink, and orange-to-red. These are some deciduous North American species that are worth considering for bonsai.
| Species | Common Name | Color Group | Notes and Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| R. alabamense | Alabama azalea | White | Natively restricted to Gulf coast, but easily cultivated |
| R. arborescens | Sweet azalea | White | Flowers may be pink |
| R. atlanticum | Coastal azalea | White | Flowers may be seashell pink. Easily propagated |
| R. viscosum | Swamp azalea | White | More adapted to the coastal plain. Flowers are small for an azalea |
| R. canadense | Rhodora | Pink | Adapted to New England winters, so likely to struggle here |
| R. canescens | Florida pinxter azalea | Pink | Very hardy and heat tolerant |
| R. vaseyi | Pinkshell azalea | Pink | Extremely limited range; only found growing in 4 locations in NC |
| R. austrinum | Florida azalea | Orange | Excellent landscape plant in areas where heat tolerance is important. Color varies from yellow to nearly red |
| R. calendulaceum | Flame azalea | Orange | This is the orange azalea that sets the southern Appalachians ablaze with color in late spring. It is difficult to propagate by cuttings, but is easily raised from seed. It is tetraploid, so does not hybridize with other species successfully. Color varies from butter yellow to burnt orange. |
| R. cumberlandense | Cumberland azalea | Orange | Highly restricted distribution in Kentucky and Tennessee. Hybridizes readily. |
| R. flammeum | Oconee azalea | Orange | Color ranges from deep yellow to deep orange. Rarely found in nurseries. |
75.7.1.2 Where to Find Satsuki Azaleas
Traditional Japanese cultivars can be hard to find, and large specimens that don’t need several years in open ground, even harder. Fortunately gumpo azaleas, which are a sub-group of the satsuki hybrids group, are readily available in our local nurseries and garden centers.
North American plant breeders have developed several cultivars of gumpo azaleas. Several have been further hybridized with R. nakaharae, a dwarf ground cover azalea from Taiwan. This further reduced their leaf and flower size, while improving cold and heat tolerance.
All of the following cultivars (despite some of the non-Western names) were produced by North American hybridizers.
Red gumpo/satsuki cultivars:
- ‘Alexander’
- ‘Eiko San’
- ‘Jeff Hill’
- ‘Joseph Hill’
- ‘Kin-no-sai’/‘Polypetalum’
- ‘Mount Seven Star’
- ‘Red Fountain’
- ‘Red Gumpo’
- ‘Wintergreen’
Hot pink and mid-pink gumpo/satsuki cultivars:
- ‘B. Henry Dwarf’
- ‘Osakazuki’
- ‘Pink Gumpo’
White gumpo/satsuki cultivars: * ‘W. Leith’ * ‘White Gumpo’ * ‘Yuka’
Multi-colored gumpo/satsuki cultivars: * ‘Gumpo Fancy’ is pink with a white margin * ‘Matsuyo’ is white with red markings * ‘Midori’ is a white and pink bicolor
If you are absolutely set on having a Japanese cultivar, expect to spend some time (and money) to locate a high-quality specimen. If you want a particular color or flower feature, there are a LOT from which to choose. This is the list of 1012 officially registered Japanese cultivars from the 1997 Satsuki Azalea Dictionary (ISBN 4-88616-080-8.) No doubt others have been added since then.
| Name | Name | Name |
|---|---|---|
| ‘Adesugata’ | ‘Ai-no-hana’ | ‘Ai-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Ai-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Ai-no-nishiki’ | ‘Ai-no-nishiki’ |
| ‘Ai-no-sasayaki’ | ‘Ai-no-sono’ | ‘Ai-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Aikoku’ | ‘Aikoku-no-hikari’ | ‘Aizen-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Akakozan’ | ‘Akanagi’ | ‘Akane’ |
| ‘Akane-no-tsuki’ | ‘Akanefuji’ | ‘Akatsuki-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Akatsuki-no-zao’ | ‘Akebono-no-hikari’ | ‘Akebono-no-mai’ |
| ‘Akitanishiki’ | ‘Akitashibori’ | ‘Akoyahime’ |
| ‘Amagasa’ | ‘Aoi’ | ‘Aoi-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Aozora’ | ‘Appare’ | ‘Ariake-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Asa-no-haru’ | ‘Asa-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Asadori’ |
| ‘Asahi’ | ‘Asahi-no-hana’ | ‘Asahi-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Asahi-no-izumi’ | ‘Asahi-no-kaori’ | ‘Asahikomachi’ |
| ‘Asahizuru’ | ‘Asazakura’ | ‘Ashibe-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Asuka’ | ‘Asuka-no-hikari’ | ‘Aya-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Ayanishiki’ | ‘Ayatsuzumi’ | ‘Ayurni’ |
| ‘Azuma-no-yuki’ | ‘Azurnakagarni’ | ‘Azumakomachi’ |
| ‘Azurnanishiki’ | ‘Azusa’ | ‘Baiho’ |
| ‘Baikanishiki’ | ‘Bairi’ | ‘Bando’ |
| ‘Bangaku’ | ‘Banjo’ | ‘Banjo-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Banka’ | ‘Banka-no-tsuki’ | ‘Banrai’ |
| ‘Banri-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Bansui’ | ‘Banzal’ |
| ‘Batsugun’ | ‘Benibotan’ | ‘Benichidori’ |
| ‘Benichoji’ | ‘Benichoju’ | ‘Benigasa’ |
| ‘Benikagami’ | ‘Benikomachi’ | ‘Benimusume’ |
| ‘Benitsubame’ | ‘Benizuru’ | ‘Biho’ |
| ‘Bihokan’ | ‘Bijin’ | ‘Bijo’ |
| ‘Bikan’ | ‘Biko’ | ‘Birei’ |
| ‘Bojo-no-tuki’ | ‘Boso-no-hikari’ | ‘Botanyuki’ |
| ‘Bunka’ | ‘Bunraku’ | ‘Byakuren’ |
| ‘Chasen’ | ‘Chidori’ | ‘Chigosugata’ |
| ‘Chiharu’ | ‘Chikubujima’ | ‘Chikyuho’ |
| ‘Chikyunishiki’ | ‘Chinpu’ | ‘Chinzan’ |
| ‘Chitosegawa’ | ‘Chitosenishiki’ | ‘Chiyo-no-fuji’ |
| ‘Chiyo-no-hana’ | ‘Chiyo-no-hikari’ | ‘Chiyo-no-homare’ |
| ‘Chiyo-no-hoshi’ | ‘Chiyo-no-tsuki’ | ‘Chiyo-no-yorokobi’ |
| ‘Chiyodanishiki’ | ‘Chiyokagami’ | ‘Chiyonishiki’ |
| ‘Chiyozakura’ | ‘Chizuho’ | ‘Chizuru’ |
| ‘Choei’ | ‘Choeiraku’ | ‘Choju-no-iwai’ |
| ‘Chojuho’ | ‘Chojuraku’ | ‘Choton’ |
| ‘Chukyobijin’ | ‘Daigokuden’ | ‘Daikinboshi’ |
| ‘Daiseiko’ | ‘Diasetsuzan’ | ‘Daishihaku’ |
| ‘Daishohai’ | ‘Daishuhai’ | ‘Datemurasaki’ |
| ‘Edojo’ | ‘Eiga-no-homare’ | ‘Eikan’ |
| ‘Eiko’ | ‘Eiko-no-hoshi’ | ‘Eishi’ |
| ‘Fujigoten’ | ‘Fujika’ | ‘Fujimusume’ |
| ‘Fujinami’ | ‘Fujinishiki’ | ‘Fujisugata’ |
| ‘Fujitakane’ | ‘Fujizakura’ | ‘Fukiagegoten’ |
| ‘Fuku-no-hana’ | ‘Fuku-no-hikari’ | ‘Fuku-no-mai’ |
| ‘Fukubijin’ | ‘Fukubotan’ | ‘Fukuhime’ |
| ‘Fukuju’ | ‘Fukuju’ | ‘Fukuju-no-kasumi’ |
| ‘Fukurokuju’ | ‘Fukusuzume’ | ‘Fukutsutsumi’ |
| ‘Fumi-no-tsuki’ | ‘Funsui’ | ‘Fuyo-no-mine’ |
| ‘Gakurei’ | ‘Gekkeikan’ | ‘Gekko’ |
| ‘Gekkokan’ | ‘Gekkyuden’ | ‘Genjiguruma’ |
| ‘Gensei’ | ‘Gettoku’ | ‘Gin-no-sai’ |
| ‘Ginrei’ | ‘Ginsekai’ | ‘Gionkomachi’ |
| ‘Gobinishiki’ | ‘Godaishu’ | ‘Goho’ |
| ‘Goho-no-hikari’ | ‘Goko’ | ‘Gorinnishiki’ |
| ‘Gosho-no-tsu ki’ | ‘Gunki’ | ‘Gunpo’ |
| ‘Gunrei’ | ‘Gunsei’ | ‘Gyoko’ |
| ‘Gyokokan’ | ‘Gyokudo’ | ‘Gyokurei’ |
| ‘Gyokuren’ | ‘Gyokuryu’ | ‘Gyokushin’ |
| ‘Gyokusho’ | ‘Gyoten’ | ‘Haga-no-homare’ |
| ‘Hagoromo-no-hikari’ | ‘Hahakomai’ | ‘Hakata-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Hakatajiro’ | ‘Hakko’ | ‘Hakko-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Hakucho’ | ‘Hakucho-no-mai’ | ‘Hakuho’ |
| ‘Hakujin-no-tsuki’ | ‘Hakuju’ | ‘Hakuju-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Hakuo’ | ‘Hakuoden’ | ‘Hakurei’ |
| ‘Hakurei-no-hikari’ | ‘Hakurin’ | ‘Hakuryu’ |
| ‘Hakusen-no-mai’ | ‘Hakushin’ | ‘Hakutenjin’ |
| ‘Hakutsuru’ | ‘Hakutsuru’ | ‘Hama-no-cho’ |
| ‘Hama-no-homare’ | ‘Hana-no-hikari’ | ‘Hana-no-izumi’ |
| ‘Hana-no-kagami’ | ‘Hana-no-seiza’ | ‘Hana-no-tsukasa’ |
| ‘Hanabotan’ | ‘Hanafubuki’ | ‘Hanagasa’ |
| ‘Hanayome’ | ‘Hanayuzen’ | ‘Hanazono’ |
| ‘Haresugata’ | ‘Haru-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Haru-no-kaori’ |
| ‘Haru-no-kotobuki’ | ‘Haru-no-misaki’ | ‘Haru-no-sono’ |
| ‘Haru-no-utage’ | ‘Harugasumi’ | ‘Haruka’ |
| ‘Harukaze’ | ‘Harunanishiki’ | ‘Harunishiki’ |
| ‘Hatsu-no-hana’ | ‘Hatsuhi’ | ‘Hatsukoi’ |
| ‘Hatsune’ | ‘Hatsushimada’ | ‘Hayashi-no-sato’ |
| ‘Hayashi-no-tsuki’ | ‘Heian-no-tsuki’ | ‘Heisei-no-hana’ |
| ‘Heisei-no-hikari’ | ‘Heiwa’ | ‘Heiwa-no-hana’ |
| ‘Heiwa-no-hikari’ | ‘Heiwa-no-kagami’ | ‘Hekisui’ |
| ‘Hi-no-tsukasa’ | ‘Hibai’ | ‘Hibainishiki’ |
| ‘Hibihi-no-ne’ | ‘Hibiki’ | ‘Higasa’ |
| ‘Hijaku’ | ‘Hikari’ | ‘Hikari-no-hana’ |
| ‘Hikari-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Hikari-no-masamune’ | ‘Hikari-no-tsukasa’ |
| ‘Hikarugenji’ | ‘Himekomachi’ | ‘Himenishiki’ |
| ‘Himeyata’ | ‘Hiodoshi’ | ‘Hitomaru’ |
| ‘Hitomarunishiki’ | ‘Hitomebore’ | ‘Hizashi’ |
| ‘Hogetsu’ | ‘Hoju-no-hikari’ | ‘Hoju-no-kagami’ |
| ‘Hoko’ | ‘Hoko’ | ‘Hokuto-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Homare-no-hana’ | ‘Homare-no-hikari’ | ‘Honen’ |
| ‘Honoo-no-mai’ | ‘Hosai’ | ‘Hosei’ |
| ‘Hosei’ | ‘Hosen-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Hoshi’ |
| ‘Hoshi-no-hikari’ | ‘Hoshi-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Hoshizukiyo’ |
| ‘Hosho’ | ‘Hototogisu’ | ‘Hyakka-no-bi’ |
| ‘Hyakka-no-shirasagi’ | ‘Hyakka-no-tsuki’ | ‘Hyakunenzakura’ |
| ‘Hyuga-no-hoshi’ | ‘Hyugano’ | ‘Ichibanboshi’ |
| ‘Ichifuji’ | ‘Imamurahime’ | ‘Irie-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Irifune’ | ‘Irodori’ | ‘Ishiyama’ |
| ‘Issho-no-haru’ | ‘Issui’ | ‘Iwai-no-mai’ |
| ‘Iwai-no-tsuki’ | ‘Iwaibune’ | ‘Iwaijishi’ |
| ‘Izayoi’ | ‘Izumi’ | ‘Izumi-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Izumi-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Jindaigoromo’ | ‘Jindaikagami’ |
| ‘Jindainishiki’ | ‘Jitsugessei’ | ‘Joga’ |
| ‘Jugoya’ | ‘Juichiya’ | ‘Juko’ |
| ‘Juko-no-homare’ | ‘Juko-no-hoshi’ | ‘Jukokan’ |
| ‘Juraku’ | ‘Jusanya’ | ‘Jusho’ |
| ‘Kachiboshi’ | ‘Kaen’ | ‘Kagamijishi’ |
| ‘Kagaribi’ | ‘Kagayaki’ | ‘Kagetsu’ |
| ‘Kagetsu’ | ‘Kagetsu-no-homare’ | ‘Kagetsu-no-hoshi’ |
| ‘Kagetsu-no-mai’ | ‘Kaguraoka’ | ‘Kaguya-Hime’ |
| ‘Kaho’ | ‘Kaho-no-hikari’ | ‘Kaho-no-homare’ |
| ‘Kahoku-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kairaku’ | ‘Kaisen’ |
| ‘Kako’ | ‘Kakuo’ | ‘Kakusho’ |
| ‘Kakyo-no-hikari’ | ‘Kamatanishiki’ | ‘Kamino Yama-kirin’ |
| ‘Kamino Yama-Kirin’ | ‘Kanjo’ | ‘Kanki’ |
| ‘Kantojiro’ | ‘Kanuma-no-hikari’ | ‘Kanuma-no-kagayaki’ |
| ‘Kanumabotan’ | ‘Kao’ | ‘Kaori-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Karaito’ | ‘Karen’ | ‘Karenko’ |
| ‘Karin’ | ‘Kashin’ | ‘Kashin’ |
| ‘Kashiwa’ | ‘Kashiwa-no-homare’ | ‘Kashiwa-no-hoshi’ |
| ‘Kashiwa-no-sono’ | ‘Kasho’ | ‘Kasugano’ |
| ‘Kasumi-no-tsuki’ | ‘Katorihime’ | ‘Katsura’ |
| ‘Katsurahime’ | ‘Katsurayama-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kayo-no-haru’ |
| ‘Kazan’ | ‘Kazan’ | ‘Kaze’ |
| ‘Kazusa-no-megumi’ | ‘Kazusa-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kazusakirin’ |
| ‘Kazusamurasaki’ | ‘Kegon’ | ‘Keishuku’ |
| ‘Kekko’ | ‘Kenbishi’ | ‘Kenko’ |
| ‘Kibun-no-hana’ | ‘Kifujin’ | ‘Kijo’ |
| ‘Kikaku’ | ‘Kikenjo’ | ‘Kikka-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Kikoshi’ | ‘Kikuhime’ | ‘Kikusui’ |
| ‘Kimi-no-hana’ | ‘Kimi-no-hikari’ | ‘Kimika’ |
| ‘Kimimaru’ | ‘Kimusume’ | ‘King’ |
| ‘Kinkazan’ | ‘Kinmei’ | ‘Kinnishiki’ |
| ‘Kinpa’ | ‘Kinpai’ | ‘Kinpo’ |
| ‘Kinponishiki’ | ‘Kinran-no-hikari’ | ‘Kinsai’ |
| ‘Kinsai’ | ‘Kinshi-no-tsukasa’ | ‘Kinsho’ |
| ‘Kinshu-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kinu-no-hikari’ | ‘Kinu-no-shibuki’ |
| ‘Kinu-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kippo-no-hikari’ | ‘Kirameki’ |
| ‘Kiri-no-hikari’ | ‘Kirin’ | ‘Kirin-no-kagami’ |
| ‘Kisarazu’ | ‘Kisei’ | ‘Kiyohime’ |
| ‘Kizakura’ | ‘Kobai’ | ‘Kobai-no-kagayaki’ |
| ‘Kobainishiki’ | ‘Kobaruto’ | ‘Kocho-no-mai’ |
| ‘Kodama-no-mai’ | ‘Koen-no-kagami’ | ‘Kofuku-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Koganenishiki’ | ‘Kogetsu’ | ‘Kogetsu’ |
| ‘Kogetsu-no-homare’ | ‘Kogetsu-no-kagami’ | ‘Kogyoku’ |
| ‘Kogyokuhime’ | ‘Kohan-no-tsuki’ | ‘Koho’ |
| ‘Koho-no-hikari’ | ‘Koi’ | ‘Kojo’ |
| ‘Kojo-no-hikari’ | ‘Kojo-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kojo-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Koka’ | ‘Koki’ | ‘Kokinzai’ |
| ‘Kokko’ | ‘Kokoku’ | ‘Kokonoe-no-niwa’ |
| ‘Kokuo’ | ‘Kokyo-no-hikari’ | ‘Kokyo-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Komachi’ | ‘Komachimusume’ | ‘Komachiwarai’ |
| ‘Komane’ | ‘Komei’ | ‘Komyo’ |
| ‘Konan-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kongo-no-hikari’ | ‘Konkikyo’ |
| ‘Koraku’ | ‘Korin’ | ‘Koryu’ |
| ‘Kosei’ | ‘Koshi-no-homare’ | ‘Koshi-no-nami’ |
| ‘Koshi-no-tsuki’ | ‘Koshien-no-tsuki’ | ‘Koshiji-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Koshiji-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kosho-no-homare’ | ‘Kosho-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Koshun’ | ‘Kosui’ | ‘Kosuzu’ |
| ‘Koten’ | ‘Kotengu’ | ‘Koto’ |
| ‘Koto-no-mai’ | ‘Kotobuki’ | ‘Kotobuki-no-mai’ |
| ‘Kotobuki-no-sono’ | ‘Kotobuki-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kotobukihime’ |
| ‘Kotsubaki’ | ‘Koun’ | ‘Koun’ |
| ‘Koun’ | ‘Koun-no-hikari’ | ‘Koyake’ |
| ‘Koyo’ | ‘Kozan’ | ‘Kozan-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Kozan-no-homare’ | ‘Kozan-no-mai’ | ‘Kozan-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Kozankagami’ | ‘Kozannishiki’ | ‘Kozue’ |
| ‘Kujakuhime’ | ‘Kunpu’ | ‘Kunshi’ |
| ‘Kureopatora’ | ‘Kuruijishi’ | ‘Kusudama’ |
| ‘Kyo-no-tsuki’ | ‘Kyokko’ | ‘Kyokkonishiki’ |
| ‘Kyokomachi’ | ‘Kyokusui’ | ‘Kyomaiko’ |
| ‘Kyoraku’ | ‘Magatama’ | ‘Maifune’ |
| ‘Maigesho’ | ‘Maikomachi’ | ‘Maiogi’ |
| ‘Makiginu’ | ‘Mangetsu’ | ‘Mansaku’ |
| ‘Matsu-no-hana’ | ‘Matsu no hikari’ | ‘Matsu-no-homare’ |
| ‘Matsu-no-tsukasa’ | ‘Matsu-no-tsuki’ | ‘Matsukagami’ |
| ‘Matsuminishiki’ | ‘Matsunami’ | ‘Matsu ri-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Matsushima’ | ‘Megumi’ | ‘Meguriai’ |
| ‘Meibo’ | ‘Meicho’ | ‘Meigetsu’ |
| ‘Meiho’ | ‘Meiko’ | ‘Meiko’ |
| ‘Meikyo’ | ‘Meikyo-no-hikari’ | ‘Meirin’ |
| ‘Meiro’ | ‘Meisei’ | ‘Meotobana’ |
| ‘Meotokagami’ | ‘Meotozuki’ | ‘Mibu-no-hana’ |
| ‘Midori-no-tsuki’ | ‘Miho-no-hana’ | ‘Mika-no-hana’ |
| ‘Miki-no-hana’ | ‘Minamijujisei’ | ‘Minato’ |
| ‘Mine-no-hana’ | ‘Mine-no-hikari’ | ‘Mine-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Mine-no-yuki’ | ‘Minori-no-aki’ | ‘Misuzu’ |
| ‘Mito-no-hana’ | ‘Mitsumi-no-hoshi’ | ‘Miya-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Miya-no-homare’ | ‘Miyabi’ | ‘Miyako’ |
| ‘Miyako-no-akebono’ | ‘Miyako-no-hana’ | ‘Miyako-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Miyakobotan’ | ‘Miyakodori’ | ‘Miyama-no-yuki’ |
| ‘Miyo-no-tsuki’ | ‘Miyoshino’ | ‘Miyuki’ |
| ‘Mizu-no-hoshi’ | ‘Mizuho-no-kagami’ | ‘Mizukagami’ |
| ‘Mizuki’ | ‘Mochizuki’ | ‘Moeka’ |
| ‘Momo-no-haru’ | ‘Momo-no-sono’ | ‘Momotaro’ |
| ‘Monsho’ | ‘Mori-no-miyako’ | ‘Murakumo-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Murasakibojo’ | ‘Muraskifuji’ | ‘Murasakihime’ |
| ‘Murasakikomachi’ | ‘Murasakishikibu’ | ‘Musashi’ |
| ‘Myojo’ | ‘Nachi-no-tsuki’ | ‘Nagisa’ |
| ‘Nagisa-no-haru’ | ‘Nagisa-no-tsuki’ | ‘Naka-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Nakahara-no-tsuki’ | ‘Nakatsu-no-hikari’ | ‘Namichidori’ |
| ‘Namifubuki’ | ‘Namishibuki’ | ‘Nana-no-hana’ |
| ‘Nanatsuboshi’ | ‘Nanbanishiki’ | ‘Nantai-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Narihira’ | ‘Nasuno’ | ‘Nigata-no-hana’ |
| ‘Nihonbare’ | ‘Niigatakirin’ | ‘Niji’ |
| ‘Nikko’ | ‘Nikko-no-hoshi’ | ‘Nikko-no-takara’ |
| ‘Nishiki-no-mihata’ | ‘Nishiki-no-tsukasa’ | ‘Nishiki-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Nishiki-no-yama’ | ‘Nishikibotan’ | ‘Nishikikasane’ |
| ‘Nissho-no-hikari’ | ‘Nozomi’ | ‘Nozomi’ |
| ‘Nozomi-no-hikari’ | ‘Nyoho-no-hikari’ | ‘Nyohozan’ |
| ‘Oborozuki’ | ‘Oegawa’ | ‘Ogi’ |
| ‘Ogi-no-hana’ | ‘Ogon-no-tsuki’ | ‘Ohirayama’ |
| ‘Oho’ | ‘Oimatsu’ | ‘Ojikanishiki’ |
| ‘Oka’ | ‘Okan’ | ‘Okina-no-tomo’ |
| ‘Okinamaru’ | ‘Okura-no-tuki’ | ‘Omoigawa’ |
| ‘Onmei’ | ‘Onsho’ | ‘Onyo’ |
| ‘Osakazuki’ | ‘Osho’ | ‘Otakumi’ |
| ‘Otome’ | ‘Otome-no-mai’ | ‘Otome-no-taki’ |
| ‘Raiko’ | ‘Rakuyo’ | ‘Ranman’ |
| ‘Reigetsu’ | ‘Reiho’ | ‘Reijin’ |
| ‘Reika’ | ‘Reiko’ | ‘Reiko’ |
| ‘Reimei’ | ‘Reishi’ | ‘Reishi’ |
| ‘Reiyo’ | ‘Rinpu’ | ‘Rinro’ |
| ‘Rinzan’ | ‘Rogetsu’ | ‘Rokkasen’ |
| ‘Romanchikku’ | ‘Ryusen’ | ‘Sachi-no-hana’ |
| ‘Sachi-no-haru’ | ‘Sachi-no-hikari’ | ‘Sachi-no-kotobuki’ |
| ‘Sachi-no-tsukasa’ | ‘Saifu’ | ‘Saiko’ |
| ‘Sainishiki’ | ‘Saiun’ | ‘Sakigake’ |
| ‘Sakura-no-homare’ | ‘Sakura-no-iwai’ | ‘Sakura-no-sono’ |
| ‘Sakurabotan’ | ‘Sakurakagami’ | ‘Sakurakomachi’ |
| ‘Sakuramusume’ | ‘Sakuranishiki’ | ‘Sakurayama’ |
| ‘Sangosai’ | ‘Sankatsu’ | ‘Sanko-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Sanko-no-utage’ | ‘Sato no hikari’ | ‘Sato-no-kirin’ |
| ‘Satomi-no-hana’ | ‘Satsumabeni’ | ‘Sayo-no-mai’ |
| ‘Sayuri’ | ‘Secchu-no-matsu’ | ‘Secchuka’ |
| ‘Secchu-no-o’ | ‘Seidai’ | ‘Seigetsu’ |
| ‘Seigetsu-no-hikari’ | ‘Seiho’ | ‘Seika’ |
| ‘Seika’ | ‘Seiko’ | ‘Seiko’ |
| ‘Seiko-no-hikari’ | ‘Seiran’ | ‘Seirin’ |
| ‘Seishun’ | ‘Seishun’ | ‘Seito-no-hana’ |
| ‘Seiun’ | ‘Seizan-no-hikari’ | ‘Seizan-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Sekai-no-hikari’ | ‘Sekai-no-homare’ | ‘Sekimori-no-sai’ |
| ‘Sekimori-no-sai (D.B.)’ | ‘Sekishun’ | ‘Sengokubune’ |
| ‘Senju-no-izumi’ | ‘Senkyo’ | ‘Senkyo-no-kagayaki’ |
| ‘Seso-no-kagam i’ | ‘Setsuzan’ | ‘Sharaku’ |
| ‘Shiawase-no-tsuki’ | ‘Shiboriasagao’ | ‘Shichifukuju’ |
| ‘Shigechiyo’ | ‘Shigure’ | ‘Shigyokuhime’ |
| ‘Shihaku’ | ‘Shiho’ | ‘Shiho-no-kagami’ |
| ‘Shiho-no-mai’ | ‘Shiho-no-tsuki’ | ‘Shihonishiki’ |
| ‘Shikainami’ | ‘Shikimagaki’ | ‘Shikimagaki’ |
| ‘Shikitakane’ | ‘Shiko’ | ‘Shiko-no-kagami’ |
| ‘Shiko-no-mai’ | ‘Shiko-no-tsuki’ | ‘Shikoden’ |
| ‘Shikokan’ | ‘Shimamusume’ | ‘Shinju-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Shinkigen’ | ‘Shinkiro’ | ‘Shinkotobuki’ |
| ‘Shinku-no-niji’ | ‘Shinkyo’ | ‘Shinkyo-no-sai’ |
| ‘Shinmatsukagami’ | ‘Shinnyo-no-hikari’ | ‘Shinnyo-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Shinonome-no-tsuki’ | ‘Shinosakazuki’ | ‘Shinran’ |
| ‘Shinsei’ | ‘Shinseiki’ | ‘Shinsekai’ |
| ‘Shinsen’ | ‘Shinsho-no-hana’ | ‘Shintaiyo’ |
| ‘Shio’ | ‘Shirabe’ | ‘Shirafuji’ |
| ‘Shiraito-no-taki’ | ‘Shiraume’ | ‘Shirayukihime’ |
| ‘Shiroebisu’ | ‘Shiryu-no-homare’ | ‘Shiryu-no-mai’ |
| ‘Shishinden’ | ‘Shisui’ | ‘Shisuikan’ |
| ‘Shiun-no-tsuki’ | ‘Shizuka’ | ‘Shizuka’ |
| ‘Shochikubai’ | ‘Shokkonishiki’ | ‘Shonan-no-hoshi’ |
| ‘Shosai’ | ‘Shoten-no-ryu’ | ‘Showa-no-kagayaki’ |
| ‘Showa-no-mai’ | ‘Showanishiki’ | ‘Shozui’ |
| ‘Shuchuka’ | ‘Shugetsu’ | ‘Shuho’ |
| ‘Shuho-no-hikari’ | ‘Shuki-no-tsuki’ | ‘Shukuju-no-mai’ |
| ‘Shungetsu’ | ‘Shungyo’ | ‘Shunka’ |
| ‘Shunko-no-mai’ | ‘Shunrai’ | ‘Shunsui’ |
| ‘Shunsui’ | ‘Shunto’ | ‘Shunyo’ |
| ‘Shusui’ | ‘Sirokozan’ | ‘Sofu’ |
| ‘Sofuren’ | ‘Sogen-no-tsuki’ | ‘Sogonnishiki’ |
| ‘Soho’ | ‘Soko’ | ‘Somemoyo’ |
| ‘Subaru’ | ‘Suiei-no-hikari’ | ‘Suigetsu’ |
| ‘Suikan’ | ‘Suiko’ | ‘Suirei’ |
| ‘Suirei-no-tsuki’ | ‘Suiren’ | ‘Suisei’ |
| ‘Suisen’ | ‘Sumi-no-hana’ | ‘Sumida’ |
| ‘Sumizome’ | ‘Suwa-no-hikari’ | ‘Suwa-no-kagami’ |
| ‘Suzu’ | ‘Suzu-no-homare’ | ‘Suzukaze’ |
| ‘Tagoto-no-hikari’ | ‘Tagoto-no-tsuki’ | ‘Taiga’ |
| ‘Taiheikan’ | ‘Taiho’ | ‘Taiho’ |
| ‘Taihonishiki’ | ‘Taikai-no-tsuki’ | ‘Taikan’ |
| ‘Taiko’ | ‘Taishonishiki’ | ‘Taizanhaku’ |
| ‘Taka-no-hana’ | ‘Takachiho’ | ‘Takao’ |
| ‘Takaonishiki’ | ‘Takara’ | ‘Takarabotan’ |
| ‘Takarabune’ | ‘Takasago’ | ‘Takasago-no-homare’ |
| ‘Takechiyo’ | ‘Takumi’ | ‘Tama-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Tamabotan’ | ‘Tamakagami’ | ‘Tamanoi’ |
| ‘Tamaorihime’ | ‘Tancho-no-hana’ | ‘Tanima-no-yuki’ |
| ‘Tateyama-no-mai’ | ‘Tateyama-no-tsuki’ | ‘Tateyamabotan’ |
| ‘Tatsumk-no-hikari’ | ‘Tatsunami’ | ‘Tenkei’ |
| ‘Tenko’ | ‘Tennyo-no-hikari’ | ‘Tenpai’ |
| ‘Tensho’ | ‘Tensho’ | ‘Tensui’ |
| ‘Teruhime’ | ‘Tochi-no-hana’ | ‘Tochi-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Togen-no-tsuki’ | ‘Tohosaku’ | ‘Toki’ |
| ‘Toki-no-hagasane’ | ‘Tokigunpo’ | ‘Tokiwa’ |
| ‘Toko-no-tsuki’ | ‘Tomeinishiki’ | ‘Tosanko’ |
| ‘Toshi-no-haru’ | ‘Tosho-no-hikari’ | ‘Totenko’ |
| ‘Tozannishiki’ | ‘Tsubakihime’ | ‘Tsuga-no-haru’ |
| ‘Tsukasa’ | ‘Tsukasa-no-ho mare’ | ‘Tsuki’ |
| ‘Tsuki-no-hikari’ | ‘Tsuki-no-hitomaru’ | ‘Tsuki-no-shimo’ |
| ‘Tsukihime’ | ‘Tsukuba-no-akebono’ | ‘Tsukushino’ |
| ‘Tsukushishibori’ | ‘Tsurikagari’ | ‘Tsuru-no-sugomori’ |
| ‘Tsuzumi’ | ‘Tsuzumi-no-mai’ | ‘Uchu-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Uchunishiki’ | ‘Uji-no-tsuki’ | ‘Ukigumo-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Ukinishiki’ | ‘Ukiyoe’ | ‘Ungetsu’ |
| ‘Ungetsu-no-hana’ | ‘Ungetsu-no-hikari’ | ‘Unpo’ |
| ‘Unryu’ | ‘Usugesho’ | ‘Usuginu’ |
| ‘Usujigyoten’ | ‘Utage-no-tsuki’ | ‘Utamaro’ |
| ‘Uyo-no-hikari’ | ‘Uyo-no-tsuki’ | ‘Uzumagawa’ |
| ‘Waka-no-hana’ | ‘Wakaebisu’ | ‘Wakakoma’ |
| ‘Wakamatsu’ | ‘Wakayama’ | ‘Wako’ |
| ‘Waraijishi’ | ‘Yae-no-tsuki’ | ‘Yaitajiro’ |
| ‘Yakan’ | ‘Yakata-no-tsuki’ | ‘Yama-no-akebono’ |
| ‘Yama-no-hikari’ | ‘Yama-no-hikari’ | ‘Yamabiko’ |
| ‘Yamakawa-no-tsuki’ | ‘Yamashita-Kozan’ | ‘Yamato’ |
| ‘Yamato-no-hikari’ | ‘Yamato-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Yamato-no-tsuki’ |
| ‘Yamauba’ | ‘Yamayuri’ | ‘Yata-no-homare’ |
| ‘Yata-no-kagami’ | ‘Yata-no-sai’ | ‘Yawara’ |
| ‘Yawaragi’ | ‘Yayoi-no-tsuki’ | ‘Yodo-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Yojo-no-kagayaki’ | ‘Yokihi’ | ‘Yoko’ |
| ‘Yomei’ | ‘Yomeimon’ | ‘Yomo-no-haru’ |
| ‘Yorei’ | ‘Yoro-no-hikari’ | ‘Yorokobi’ |
| ‘Yoshi-no-hikari’ | ‘Yoshino-no-tsuki’ | ‘Yosui’ |
| ‘Yozakura’ | ‘Yubinishiki’ | ‘Yugetsu’ |
| ‘Yugiri’ | ‘Yuho’ | ‘Yuho-no-hikari’ |
| ‘Yuki-no-akebono’ | ‘Yuki-no-hana’ | ‘Yukimusume’ |
| ‘Yuko-no-haru’ | ‘Yume’ | ‘Yumegokoro’ |
| ‘Yumekomachi’ | ‘Yuso’ | ‘Yuzenmoyo’ |
| ‘Zansetsu’ | ‘Zuiho-no-hikari’ | ‘Zuio’ |
| ‘Zuishi’ |