Growing & Styling Bonsai in Piedmont NC
I Preface
Why Another Book About Bonsai
Who Is the Bonsai Botanist?
Why An Open Online Book?
How Things Are Arranged
Giving Credit Where Due
Acknowledgements
II ANNUAL CALENDAR
1
Overview
1.1
January
1.1.1
General Weather
1.1.2
Planning and General Housekeeping
1.1.3
Digging and Potting
1.1.4
Insects and Other Pests
1.1.5
Tropicals
1.2
February
1.2.1
General Weather
1.2.2
Planning and General Housekeeping
1.2.3
Digging and Potting
1.2.4
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.2.5
Watering and Fertilization
1.2.6
Deciduous Trees
1.2.7
Conifers
1.2.8
Tropicals
1.2.9
Miscellaneous
1.3
March
1.3.1
General Weather
1.3.2
Planning and General Housekeeping
1.3.3
Digging and Potting
1.3.4
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.3.5
Watering and Fertilization
1.3.6
Deciduous Trees
1.3.7
Conifers
1.3.8
Tropicals
1.4
April
1.4.1
General Weather
1.4.2
Digging and Potting
1.4.3
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.4.4
Watering
1.4.5
Fertilization
1.4.6
Pest Management
1.4.7
Tropicals
1.5
May
1.5.1
General Weather
1.5.2
Digging and Potting
1.5.3
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.5.4
Watering and Fertilization
1.5.5
Insects and Other Pests
1.5.6
Tropicals
1.5.7
Miscellaneous
1.6
June
1.6.1
General Weather
1.6.2
Digging and Potting
1.6.3
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.6.4
Watering
1.6.5
Fertilization
1.6.6
Insects and Other Pests
1.6.7
Tropicals
1.6.8
Miscellaneous
1.7
July
1.7.1
General Weather
1.7.2
Digging and Potting
1.7.3
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.7.4
Watering and Fertilization
1.7.5
Insects and Other Pests
1.7.6
Tropicals
1.7.7
Miscellaneous
1.8
August
1.8.1
General Weather
1.8.2
Planning and General Housekeeping
1.8.3
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.8.4
Watering and Fertilization
1.8.5
Insects and Other Pests
1.8.6
Deciduous Trees
1.8.7
Conifers
1.8.8
Tropicals
1.8.9
Miscellaneous
1.9
September
1.9.1
General Weather
1.9.2
Planning and General Housekeeping
1.9.3
Digging and Potting
1.9.4
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.9.5
Watering and Fertilization
1.9.6
Insects and Other Pests
1.9.7
Miscellaneous
1.10
October
1.10.1
General Weather
1.10.2
Digging and Potting
1.10.3
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.10.4
Watering and Fertilization
1.10.5
Insects and Other Pests
1.10.6
Tropicals
1.10.7
Miscellaneous
1.11
November
1.11.1
General Weather
1.11.2
Digging and Potting
1.11.3
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
1.11.4
Watering and Fertilization
1.11.5
Insects and Other Pests
1.11.6
Tropicals
1.11.7
Preparing Outdoor Trees For Winter
1.11.8
Winter Storage
1.12
December
1.12.1
General Weather
1.12.2
Pruning, Wiring and Grooming
III WHAT IS BONSAI?
2
A Little History
2.1
Where Did Bonsai Originate?
2.2
What Skills Do You Need?
3
Bonsai Myths and Misunderstanding
3.1
Bonsai trees are on the edge of survival at all times.
3.2
Bonsai are tortured or abused to keep them small.
3.3
The secret training methods take years of study to learn.
3.4
All bonsai trees are ancient.
3.5
Bonsai’s techniques are handed down from ancient masters.
3.6
Bonsai are special dwarf tree varieties.
3.7
Bonsai should be kept indoors.
3.8
At some point a bonsai is finished.
3.9
It is an expensive art to learn.
3.9.1
Novices should start out small and work up to big trees.
4
Getting Started
4.1
Relax - It’s Supposed to Be Fun
4.2
Limit Your Initial Investment
4.3
Use Whatever Tools You Have
4.4
Start With Inexpensive, More Forgiving Species
4.4.1
Other Options For Novices
4.4.2
Woody Herbs Are Another Option
4.5
Use Shortcuts That Make Styling Easier
4.6
Shorten Your Time to a Final Product
4.7
Pay Attention to Aftercare
5
Common Bonsai Terminology
5.1
Sizes
5.2
Features
5.3
Putting the Terms to Work
IV What Trees Need
6
What Do Trees Need?
6.1
Light
6.2
Soil
6.3
Nutrients
6.4
Water
6.5
Space
7
Understanding Light
7.1
How Much Light is Enough?
7.1.1
Outdoors
7.1.2
Indoors
7.2
Quality of Light Matters Too
7.3
Putting All This Information to Use
7.4
How Long Should the Lights Stay On?
8
Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil
8.1
Relative Air/Water Space, or Porosity
8.2
pH
8.2.1
Why is pH Important?
8.2.2
What Determines Soil Mix pH?
8.2.3
Raising Media pH
8.2.4
Lowering Media pH
8.3
Fertility
8.4
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
8.5
Electrical Conductivity
8.6
Wettability
8.7
Measuring Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil
8.7.1
Soil Conductivity and pH
8.7.2
Overall Fertility and CEC
9
Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Fertilizers
9.1
Fertilizers For Container Production
9.2
Macronutrients and Macronutrient Deficiencies
9.3
Micronutrients and Micronutrient Deficiencies
9.3.1
Iron
9.3.2
Manganese
9.3.3
Copper
9.3.4
Zinc
9.3.5
Molybdenum
9.3.6
Boron
9.3.7
What Causes Deficiencies?
9.3.8
Diagnosing a Deficiency
9.3.9
Treating Deficiencies
9.4
How to Read Fertilizer Labels
9.5
Checking the Effectiveness of Fertilization
10
Water
10.1
How Water Behaves in Our Local Soil
10.2
How Water Behaves in Containers
11
Growing Space
11.1
Growing Out Versus Growing Up
V HOW TREES WORK
12
Basic Anatomy of Tree Growth
12.1
Where does growth happen?
12.2
How does cambium make a trunk thicken?
12.3
Putting tree anatomy to work
13
ABC’s of Plant Hormones
13.1
Auxins & Cytokinins Work as Partners
14
How Roots Work
14.1
Roots Don’t Take Winter Off
14.2
How Do Roots Grow?
14.3
What Determines Where Roots Grow?
14.4
How Do Roots Respond to Barriers?
14.5
How Do Roots Grow From Stems?
15
Branch Pruning Physiology
15.1
A Tree’s Wound Response
15.2
How Does This Affect Pruning Technique?
15.3
But, But, But…What About Tradition?
16
Basic Leaf Structure and Function
16.1
Leaf Anatomy
16.2
Needles
16.2.1
Deciduous Needles
17
Physiology of Tree Dormancy
17.1
To Keep Its Leaves a Tree Needs Auxin
17.2
Long Days, Short Days
17.3
What Makes All Those Leaf Colors?
17.4
How Is This Useful in Bonsai?
VI STARTING TREES
18
Components and Supplements For Bonsai Soil Mixes
18.1
What IS Soil?
18.2
Soil-Less Mixes
18.3
What Does Bonsai Soil Look Like?
18.4
Bulk Organic Materials
18.4.1
Shredded Bark
18.4.2
Coconut Coir
18.4.3
Peat
18.4.4
Rice Hulls
18.5
Bulk Inorganic Materials
18.5.1
Masonry Gravel
18.5.2
Arcillite/Turface
18.5.3
Expanded Slate//Haydite/Permatill
18.5.4
Granite Paver Base; Granite Rock Screenings
18.5.5
Granite Poultry Grit
18.5.6
Sand
18.5.7
Perlite and Bentonite
18.6
Manufactured Soils and Supplements
18.6.1
Cultured Black Topsoil
18.6.2
Agricultural/Dolomitic Limestone
18.6.3
MicroMax Nutrients
18.7
Niche Amendments
18.7.1
Zeolites
18.7.2
Charcoal/Biochar
19
Bonsai Soil Mixes
19.1
My Bulk Growing Mixes
19.1.1
General Purpose Grit Mix
19.1.2
Tub and Tray Seed Starting Mix
19.1.3
Seedling to Mini-Pot Transition Mix
19.1.4
Rich Mix/Bog Mix
19.1.5
Moist Deciduous Mix/Go-To Mix
19.1.6
General Deciduous Mix / Rich Conifers Mix
19.1.7
Lean Conifers Mix
19.1.8
Ericaceous Mix
19.2
Preparing Materials For Trees in Show Pots
19.2.1
Which mixture for which species?
19.3
NC Arboretum Bonsai Mix
19.4
Special Use Mixes
20
Professional Nursery Practices for Growing Pre-Bonsai
20.1
What Other Tips and Tricks Can We Adapt From the Trade?
20.1.1
Pot-in-Pot Systems
20.1.2
Bag-Pots
20.1.3
Using Air and Copper to Train and Prune Roots
20.1.4
Cotton Twine and Masking Tape
20.2
Sources of Additional Information
21
Starting From Scratch: Growing On Seedlings and Saplings
21.1
When To Order Trees?
21.2
Getting Started
21.2.1
Liner or Whip?
21.3
Growing Out
21.4
Root Pruning Field Grown Trees
21.5
Developing Nebari, and General Care
21.6
Shoot Pruning Field Grown Trees
21.7
Sources
22
Identifying Trees You Do Not Know
22.1
Tools of the Trade
22.2
What Features Are Most Important?
22.3
Secondary Leaf Morphology
22.4
Other Useful Features
22.5
Keying Out a Tree
22.6
Preserving Specimens
23
North American Native Alternatives to Asian Species
23.1
North American Native Options for Bonsai
24
Lifting Field–Grown Trees
24.1
The Basic Process
24.2
The Important Details
24.2.1
Time of Year is Critical
24.2.2
Root Pruning in the Ground is VERY Helpful
24.2.3
Size of the Root Ball Greatly Affects Survival
24.2.4
Clip Roots, Don’t Saw Them
24.2.5
Dry Roots are Dead Roots
24.2.6
Aftercare
24.3
Three Examples of Lifting Trees
24.3.1
Example 1: Lifting a Small Sapling
24.3.2
Example 2: Lifting a Larger Tree
24.3.3
Example 3: Sometimes You Just Have to Take a Risk
VII BASIC TRAINING
25
Transitioning a Tree From Growing to Training
25.1
When Should a Tree Go Into a Show Pot?
25.2
Moving a Tree Into a Show Container
26
Common Bonsai Styles
26.1
Classic Five Japanese Styles
26.2
More Recent and Specialized Styles
26.2.1
”Sculptural” Styles
26.2.2
Multi-trunk Styles
26.2.3
Styles With Landscape Elements
27
Tropical Bonsai
27.1
Defining “Tropical” Bonsai
27.2
How are Tropical Bonsai Different?
27.3
What are the Best Styles for Tropicals?
27.3.1
Banyan
27.3.2
Exposed Roots, Strangling Roots, Root Over Rock
27.3.3
Raft, Clump and Multi–trunk Styles
27.3.4
Informal Upright
27.3.5
Twisted Trunk (Bankan)
27.3.6
Slanting or Cascade Styles
27.4
Miscellaneous Tips on Training and Care
28
Pots, Trays, and Slabs
28.1
Options For Training Containers
28.1.1
Plastic Nursery Pots
28.1.2
Landscape Fabric Bags
28.1.3
Plastic Pans
28.1.4
Training Boxes
28.1.5
Plastic and Mica Bonsai Pots
28.2
Ceramic Show Containers
28.2.1
Types of Ceramic Pots - Tota-koda-whatta?
28.2.2
Houtoku
28.2.3
China and Korea
28.2.4
Specialty Potters
28.2.5
Slabs
29
Preparing Training Containers, Pots, and Slabs For Planting
29.1
Preparing Plastic & Ceramic Training Containers
29.2
Preparing Slabs
29.2.1
Attaching Tie-Down Wires
29.2.2
Building a Soil Berm With Muck
30
Starting a New Tree
30.1
Look For Good Foundation Elements
30.2
Evaluating New Nursery Stock
30.3
Subsequent Evaluation
30.4
I Don’t Rush Initial Training
30.5
Where To Go From Here
31
Developing an Initial Styling Plan
31.1
Start By Assessing the Tree Overall
31.2
Mark Options For the Front
31.3
Look For the Three Primary Scaffold Branches
31.4
Look For Trunk Taper and Movement
31.5
What Styles Would Be Appropriate?
31.6
Finalize Your Preferred Front
31.7
Next Steps
31.8
Putting All of This Together
32
Visualizing Styling Changes
32.1
Start By Documenting the Trunk & Branch Structure
32.2
“Editing” a Tree Without Pruning
32.2.1
Adding and Removing Branches
32.2.2
Double Check Any Modifications Before Pruning
32.3
Some Final Thoughts
33
Developing Feeder Roots and Nebari
33.1
Landscape Fabric Bags
33.2
Tourniquet Layering
33.3
Planting Over a Wood Plate
33.4
Splitting and Wedging the Trunk Base
33.5
Thread and Approach Grafting
34
Grafting Roots to Improve Nebari
34.1
Preparing the Graft Site
34.1.1
Mr. Harrington’s Method
34.1.2
Open Wound Method
34.1.3
After Care
34.2
Thread Grafting
35
Developing Woody Structures: Trunk and Main Branches
35.1
Developing the Triangular Silhouette
35.2
Planning Pruning Cuts of Woody Trunks and Branches
35.3
Developing Trunk Taper
35.3.1
Sacrificial Branches and Stems
35.3.2
Clip and Grow Technique
35.4
Developing Branch Taper and Ramification
35.5
Covering Pruning Scars
35.5.1
Stimulating Cambium Growth
35.5.2
Bridge Grafting
36
Top Grafting and Budding Techniques for Bonsai
36.1
Why and When to Use Grafting and Budding
36.2
Which Trees Can be Budded or Grafted?
36.3
When Are Trees Budded and Grafted?
36.4
How Is It Done?
36.4.1
Whip Graft, Whip-and-Tongue Graft
36.4.2
Cleft Graft
36.4.3
Approach Graft
36.4.4
Side Graft
36.4.5
Thread Graft
36.4.6
T-Budding
36.5
Why Grafts and Buds Fail
36.6
For More Information
37
Wiring
37.1
Choosing Appropriate Wire
37.2
Basic Wiring Technique
37.3
Guy Staking and Wiring
37.4
Splint Wiring Technique
37.5
Trunk Bending and Wiring
38
Deadwood Features: Jin, Shari, Uro and Sabamiki
38.1
Creating Jin
38.2
Creating Shari
38.3
Creating Uro
38.4
Splitting a Trunk For Sabamiki
39
Pruning and Pinching to Develop Fine Branches and Foliage Pads
39.1
Why Call It Green Pruning?
39.2
Basic Green Branch Pruning
39.3
Pinch Pruning
39.4
Pruning Pine Candles
39.5
Leaf Pruning and Defoliation
39.6
How Much Green Pruning Will Trees Tolerate?
39.6.1
Conifers
39.6.2
Non-Conifer Evergreens
39.6.3
Deciduous Trees
39.6.4
Tropicals
VIII JOURNAL TREES
40
What Are Journal Trees?
41
Journal Tree 1: A Japanese Maple
41.1
Mid-March, 2021
41.1.1
The “Uh-Oh Moment”
41.1.2
Next Steps
42
Journal Tree 2: A Boxwood
42.1
Mid-March, 2021
42.1.1
Repotting
42.2
May 20, 2021
43
Journal Tree 3: A Japanese Holly
43.1
Mid-March, 2021
44
Journal Tree: A Japanese Maple,
Emperor I
Cultivar
44.1
Early May, 2021
44.1.1
Next Steps
45
Journal Tree: A Japanese Maple,
Bloodgood
Cultivar
45.1
First of June, 2021
45.1.1
Next Steps
IX ROUTINE CARE
46
Monitoring For Diseases, Pests, & Other Problems
46.1
Learn to Approach Tree Problems Like a Doctor
46.1.1
Be Systematic…
46.1.2
…But Don’t Go Overboard!
46.2
A “Physical Exam for Trees”
46.2.1
Pot, Soil, Roots
46.2.2
Surface Root Flare, Trunk, Main Branches
46.2.3
Smaller Branches, Foliage
46.3
Where to Learn More
47
Identifying and Treating Common Cultivation Problems
47.1
Soil Does Not Wet Properly
47.2
Soil Remains Too Wet
47.3
Salt Crusts
47.4
Fertilizer Burns
47.5
Chlorosis
47.6
Leaf Scorch
47.7
Sun Scald and Frost Cracks
48
Minimizing Sun Damage and Heat Stress
48.1
What Trees Need
48.2
General Summer Classification Groups
48.2.1
Prefer to Be Shaded All Day
48.2.2
Best in Bright or Dappled Shade
48.2.3
These Do Best With Some Mid-Day Shade
48.2.4
No Shade is Needed
48.2.5
Species Preferring Cooler Roots
48.3
Changing Your Local Microclimate
48.3.1
Shade on Demand
48.3.2
Keeping Your Trees and Pots Cool
49
Salvage Operations: Rescue and Repair Techniques
49.1
Desiccated Pots
49.2
Overheating
49.3
Wet Pots & Root Rot
49.3.1
Another Treatment for Root Rot
49.4
Herbal Invasions
49.5
Mending Broken Branches
50
How to Preserve Bonsai Deadwood Features
50.1
Learning from Nature
50.1.1
Wood Rot
50.1.2
Oxidation, Photo-Bleaching, and Insects Further Sculpt and Modify Dead Wood
50.2
Preserving Deadwood
50.3
Choosing An Appropriate Wood Preservative
50.3.1
Products Appropriate For Preserving Deadwood on LIVE Trees
50.3.2
Preservatives For Wooden Containers, Plywood Bases and Other Bare Wood Items
X PESTS
51
Basic IPM
51.1
Monitoring
51.2
Cultural and Prevention Controls
51.3
Physical Controls
51.4
Biological Controls
51.5
Chemical Controls
52
Recognize Your Allies
52.1
Old Friends
52.1.1
Ladybugs
52.1.2
Praying Mantis
52.1.3
Spiders
52.2
Unexpected Friends
52.2.1
Lacewings
52.2.2
Wheel Bugs, Leaf-footed Bugs, and Assassin Bugs
52.2.3
Wasps and Hornets
52.2.4
Ground Beetles, Caterpillar Hunters, and Soldier Beetles
52.3
New Friends
52.3.1
Minute Pirate Bugs
52.3.2
Syrphid Flies
52.3.3
Predatory Stink Bugs
52.3.4
Predatory Mites
52.3.5
Trichogramma Wasps
52.3.6
Damsel Bugs
52.4
Feeding Your Friends
52.5
Bringing In Fresh Troops
53
Identifying and Treating Common Insect Pests
53.1
Bonsai’s Major Offenders
53.1.1
Aphids
53.1.2
Spider and other leaf mites
53.1.3
Mealybugs
53.1.4
Scale insects
53.1.5
Whiteflies
53.1.6
Wood Destroying Insects
53.1.7
Less Common Offenders
53.1.8
Sawflies; Army, Oak and Spruce Worms
53.2
Tools for Controlling Insect Pests
53.2.1
Mechanical Aids
53.2.2
Horticultural oils
53.2.3
Insecticidal Soap
53.2.4
Insect growth regulators (IGRs)
53.2.5
Chemical Insecticides
53.3
Is
Routine
Preventive Spraying Appropriate?
53.4
Beneficial Predatory Insects
54
Identifying and Treating Common Fungal and Bacterial Diseases
54.1
Most Fungi and Bacteria Are Beneficial, Not Harmful
54.2
Knowing Your Enemy
54.2.1
Diseases Caused By Fungi
54.2.2
Diseases Caused By Both Bacteria and Fungi
54.2.3
Strictly Bacterial Diseases
54.3
Don’t Over-React to Harmless Bystanders
54.4
Identifying and Treating Common Local Diseases
54.4.1
Root Rot
54.4.2
Powdery Mildew
54.4.3
Sooty Molds
54.4.4
Cedar-Apple and Related Rusts
54.4.5
Leaf Spot
54.4.6
Fire Blight
54.4.7
Slime Flux/Bacterial Wetwood
54.4.8
Bacterial Canker
54.5
Identifying and Treating Less Common Local Diseases
54.5.1
Oak Wilt
54.5.2
Cryptomeria/Passalora Blight
54.5.3
Needle Cast Fungus
54.5.4
Pine Fusiform Rust
54.5.5
White Pine Blister Rust
54.6
Available Weapons
54.6.1
First Line Treatments
54.6.2
Second Line Treatments
54.6.3
Heavy Duty Synthetic Compounds
54.6.4
Treatments of Last Resort
54.7
Is Routine Preventive Spraying Appropriate?
54.8
Preparing and Using Fungicides and Bacteriocidesfor Use
55
Combating Larger Animal Pests
55.1
Slugs and Snails
55.2
Voles, Chipmunks, and Rabbits
55.3
Squirrels
55.4
Deer
XI AESTHETICS
56
Basic Aesthetics and Ideals of Bonsai
56.1
Classical Bonsai Aesthetics Reflect Japanese Culture and History
56.1.1
Zen Buddhism
56.1.2
Wabi-Sabi
56.1.3
Mono No Aware
57
Creating the Illusion of Depth
57.1
Line
57.2
Lines Create Perspective
57.3
Size/Form
57.4
Overlapping Objects
57.5
Location Relative to Horizon
57.6
Color Intensity
57.7
Amount of Detail
57.8
Summary
58
Envisioning a Style: Digital Photos, Dry-Erase Pens, and Silk Flowers
58.1
Where Do I Start?
58.2
Learning the Styles
58.3
Documenting Trunk & Branch Structure
58.4
“Editing” a Tree
58.5
“Editing” a Living Tree Without Pruning
58.6
Some Final Thoughts
59
Mosses For Bonsai
59.1
What exactly IS moss?
59.2
Misconceptions About Mosses
59.3
Cultivating Moss For Accents
59.3.1
Which Mosses to Collect, and How
59.4
Commercial Sources
60
Choosing and Styling Accent Plants
60.1
What Is the Goal When Using Accent Plants?
60.2
Basic Rules for Accent Plants
60.3
Creating and Showing Accents
60.4
Options for Accents
60.4.1
Accents for Xeric Trees
60.4.2
Accents for Mesic Trees
60.4.3
Accents for Hydric Trees
60.4.4
Other Non-Traditional Options
61
Displaying Bonsai
61.1
Penjing and Other Ancient Ancestors
61.2
Japanese Bonsai
61.3
Using Artifacts to Evoke a Sense of Place
XII TOOLS & TIPS
62
Wound Sealing and Filler Compounds
62.1
How Branches React to Pruning
62.2
Aesthetic Considerations
62.3
Preventing Disease and Rot
62.4
Species Differences
62.5
How Different Sealants Behave
62.5.1
Traditional Wound Sealants
62.5.2
Alternative Sealants
62.5.3
Home Made Sealant Mixes
62.5.4
Wound Fillers
63
Housekeeping Tips and Tricks
63.1
Cleaning Lime Scale Off Pots
63.2
Making Homemade Organic Bonsai Fertilizer Cakes
63.3
Protecting Small Pots in Summer
64
Building an Inexpensive Growing Bench
65
Using Micro-Irrigation
65.1
How Did Micro-Irrigation Get Started?
65.2
Getting Started
65.3
Delivering Water to Your Trees
65.4
How Many Emitters Can I Use at Once? What Kind Should I Use?
65.4.1
What are your water limits?
65.4.2
What type of emitters do you need? How many?
65.5
How long do you need to have the water on?
65.6
Who is turning the water on and off for you?
65.7
For Supplies and More Information
66
What Trees Need - Fertilizer Formulas
66.1
Espoma Organic Products
66.2
Scott’s Water Soluble and Pelleted Products
66.3
Specialty Fertilizers
66.4
Single Ingredient Fertilizers
67
Other Specialty Container Mixes
67.1
Cornell Soilless Mix
67.2
Woody Plants and Perennials
67.3
Annuals Mix
67.4
Alpine Plants
67.5
Tropicals
67.6
Succulents
67.7
Succulents Mix #2
67.8
Foliage Plants
67.9
Bromeliads
67.10
Seedlings
67.11
Blocking Mix
67.12
Basic Container Mix
67.13
Classic/Basic Soil-Based Mix
67.14
Peat-Lite Mix A
68
Sources
68.1
General Grower Supplies
68.1.1
A.M. Leonard
68.1.2
Greenhouse Megastore
68.1.3
Stuewe & Sons
68.1.4
High Caliper/Smart Pots Bags
68.2
Seeds, Liners and Starter Trees
68.2.1
TN Nursery
68.2.2
Musser Forest
68.2.3
F.W. Schumacher Seed
68.2.4
Mountain Maples
.
68.3
Beneficial Insects
68.3.1
ARBICO Organics
68.3.2
A.M. Leonard
68.3.3
Beneficial Insectary
68.3.4
Biocontrol Network
68.4
Bonsai Suppliers
68.4.1
Bonsai Learning Center
.
68.4.2
Green Thumb Bonsai
68.4.3
Dallas Bonsai Garden
68.4.4
Enchanted Bonsai Gardens
68.5
Sources for Ceramic Containers
68.6
Specialty Growers and Plant Sources
68.7
Other Tools and Cultivation Supplies
68.8
Horticulture and Plant Health
68.9
Bonsai Societies and Information
68.10
Books
68.11
Web Sites
XIII SPECIES GUIDES
69
About the Species Guides
70
Acer buergerianum
70.1
Trident maple
70.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
70.3
Moisture
70.4
Light
70.5
Cultivation Notes
70.5.1
Potting
70.5.2
Pruning
70.5.3
Feeding
70.5.4
Pests & Problems
70.5.5
Winter Storage
70.6
Propagation Notes
70.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
70.8
Additional Information
70.8.1
Natural History
70.8.2
In Cultivation
71
Acer palmatum, Acer japonicum, Acer ginnala
71.1
Japanese, full moon, & Amur maples
71.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
71.3
Moisture
71.4
Light
71.5
Cultivation Notes
71.5.1
Potting
71.5.2
Pruning
71.5.3
Feeding
71.5.4
Pests & Problems
71.5.5
Winter Storage
71.6
Propagation Notes
71.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
71.8
Additional Information
71.8.1
Natural History
71.8.2
Cultivation & Cultivars
72
Acer rubrum
72.1
Red maple
72.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
72.3
Light
72.4
Cultivation Notes
72.4.1
Potting
72.4.2
Pruning
72.4.3
Feeding
72.4.4
Pests & Problems
72.4.5
Winter Storage
72.5
Propagation Notes
72.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
72.7
Additional Information
72.7.1
Natural History
72.7.2
In Cultivation
73
Amelanchier
sp.
73.1
Serviceberry
73.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
73.3
Cultivation Notes
73.3.1
Potting
73.3.2
Pruning
73.3.3
Feeding
73.3.4
Pests & Problems
73.3.5
Winter Storage
73.4
Propagation Notes
73.5
Artistic & Styling Notes
73.6
Additional Information
73.6.1
Natural History
74
Arundinaria tecta
74.1
American cane, river cane
74.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
74.3
Moisture
74.4
Light
74.5
Cultivation Notes
74.5.1
Potting
74.5.2
Pruning
74.5.3
Feeding
74.5.4
Pests & Problems
74.5.5
Winter Storage
74.6
Propagation Notes
74.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
74.8
Additional Information
74.8.1
Natural History
74.8.2
Cultivation Notes
75
Rhododendron
species
75.1
Azaleas and rhododendrons
75.2
Soil: Ericaceous Mix
75.3
Light
75.4
Cultivation Notes
75.4.1
Potting and Root Pruning
75.4.2
Feeding
75.4.3
Pests & Problems
75.4.4
Winter Storage
75.5
Propagation Notes
75.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
75.7
Additional Information
75.7.1
Natural History
76
Bamboo (multiple species)
76.1
Bamboos
76.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
76.3
Light
76.4
Cultivation Notes
76.4.1
Potting
76.4.2
Pruning
76.4.3
Feeding
76.4.4
Pests & Problems
76.4.5
Winter Storage
76.5
Propagation Notes
76.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
76.7
Additional Information
76.7.1
Natural History
76.7.2
Cultivation Notes
77
Betula nigra
77.1
River birch
77.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
77.3
Cultivation Notes
77.3.1
Potting
77.3.2
Pruning
77.3.3
Feeding
77.3.4
Pests & Problems
77.3.5
Winter Storage
77.4
Propagation Notes
77.5
Artistic & Styling Notes
77.6
Additional Information
77.6.1
Natural History
78
Bougainvillea glabra, B. spectabilis
78.1
Lesser bougainvillea, greater bougainvillea
78.2
Soil: Rich/Tropical Mix
78.3
Light
78.4
Cultivation Notes
78.4.1
Potting
78.4.2
Pruning
78.4.3
Feeding
78.4.4
Pests & Problems
78.4.5
Winter Storage
78.5
Propagation Notes
78.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
78.7
Additional Information
78.7.1
Natural History
79
Buxus microphylla, B. sempervirens
79.1
Boxwoods
79.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
79.3
Moisture
79.4
Light
79.5
Cultivation Notes
79.5.1
Potting
79.5.2
Pruning
79.5.3
Feeding
79.5.4
Pests & Problems
79.5.5
Winter Storage
79.6
Propagation Notes
79.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
79.8
Additional Information
79.8.1
Natural History
80
Camellia
spp.
80.1
Camellias
80.2
Soil: Ericaceous Mix
80.3
Light
80.4
Cultivation Notes
80.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
80.4.2
Feeding
80.4.3
Pests & Problems
80.4.4
Winter Storage
80.5
Propagation Notes
80.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
80.7
Additional Information
80.7.1
Natural History
80.7.2
In Cultivation
81
Caragana arborescens
81.1
Chinese pea tree
81.2
Soil: Lean Conifer Mix
81.3
Light
81.4
Cultivation Notes
81.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
81.4.2
Feeding
81.4.3
Pests & Problems
81.4.4
Winter Storage
81.5
Propagation Notes
81.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
81.7
Additional Information
81.7.1
Natural History
81.7.2
In Cultivation
82
Carpinus caroliniana, C. japonica, C. orientalis, C. turczaninowii
82.1
American, Japanese, Oriental, and Korean Hornbeams
82.1.1
Overview
82.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
82.3
Light
82.4
Cultivation Notes
82.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
82.4.2
Feeding
82.4.3
Pests & Problems
82.4.4
Winter Storage
82.5
Propagation Notes
82.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
82.7
Additional Information
82.7.1
Natural History
82.7.2
In Cultivation
83
Ceanothus americanus; C.
spp.
83.1
New Jersey tea; California lilac (multiple species and hybrids)
83.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
83.3
Light
83.4
Cultivation Notes
83.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
83.4.2
Feeding
83.4.3
Pests & Problems
83.4.4
Winter Storage
83.5
Propagation Notes
83.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
83.7
Additional Information
83.7.1
Natural History
83.7.2
In Cultivation
84
Celtis occidentalis, C. sinensis
84.1
Common hackberry (native to eastern US); Chinese hackberry
84.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
84.3
Light
84.3.1
Potting & Root Pruning
84.3.2
Feeding
84.3.3
Pests & Problems
84.3.4
Winter Storage
84.4
Propagation Notes
84.5
Artistic & Styling Notes
84.6
Additional Information
84.6.1
Natural History
84.6.2
In Cultivation
85
Pseudocydonia
sp.,
Chaenomeles
sp.
85.1
Flowering quinces
85.2
Common Colors of Flowering Quinces
85.3
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
85.4
Light
85.5
Cultivation Notes
85.5.1
Potting & Root Pruning
85.5.2
Feeding
85.5.3
Pests & Problems
85.5.4
Winter Storage
85.6
Propagation Notes
85.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
85.8
Additional Information
85.8.1
Natural History
85.8.2
In Cultivation
86
Chamaecyparis obtusa, C. pisifera, C. lawsoniana
86.1
Hinoki cypress, Sawara cypress, Lawson’s cypress
86.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
86.3
Light
86.4
Cultivation Notes
86.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
86.4.2
Feeding
86.4.3
Pests & Problems
86.4.4
Winter Storage
86.5
Propagation Notes
86.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
86.7
Additional Information
86.7.1
Natural History
86.7.2
In Cultivation
87
Chionanthus virginicus
87.1
American fringe tree
87.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
87.3
Light
87.4
Cultivation Notes
87.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
87.4.2
Feeding
87.4.3
Pests & Problems
87.4.4
Winter Storage
87.5
Propagation Notes
87.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
87.7
Additional Information
87.7.1
Natural History
87.7.2
In Cultivation
88
Cladrastis kentuckea
88.1
Yellowwood
88.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
88.3
Light
88.4
Cultivation Notes
88.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
88.4.2
Feeding
88.4.3
Pests & Problems
88.4.4
Winter Storage
88.5
Propagation Notes
88.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
88.7
Additional Information
88.7.1
Natural History
88.7.2
In Cultivation
89
Corylus
species
89.1
American hazel (
Corylus americana
), beaked hazel (
C. cornuta
)
89.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
89.3
Light
89.4
Cultivation Notes
89.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
89.4.2
Feeding
89.4.3
Pests & Problems
89.4.4
Winter Storage
89.5
Propagation Notes
89.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
89.7
Additional Information
89.7.1
Natural History
89.7.2
In Cultivation
90
Crassula ovata
90.1
Jade tree
90.2
Soil: Lean Conifer/Succulent Mix
90.3
Light
90.4
Cultivation Notes
90.4.1
Potting and Pruning
90.4.2
Feeding
90.4.3
Pests & Problems
90.4.4
Winter Storage
90.5
Propagation Notes
90.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
90.7
Additional Information
90.7.1
Natural History
90.7.2
In Cultivation
91
Cryptomeria japonica
91.1
Cryptomeria, Japanese cedar
91.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
91.3
Light
91.4
Cultivation Notes
91.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
91.4.2
Feeding
91.4.3
Pests & Problems
91.4.4
Winter Storage
91.5
Propagation Notes
91.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
91.7
Additional Information
91.7.1
Natural History
91.7.2
In Cultivation
92
Cupressus (Hesperocyparis) arizonica
92.1
Arizona cypress
92.2
Soil: Lean Conifer Mix
92.3
Light
92.4
Cultivation Notes
92.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
92.4.2
Feeding
92.4.3
Pests & Problems
92.4.4
Winter Storage
92.5
Propagation Notes
92.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
92.7
Additional Information
92.7.1
Natural History
92.7.2
In Cultivation
93
Fagus grandifolia
93.1
American beech
93.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
93.3
Light
93.4
Cultivation Notes
93.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
93.4.2
Feeding
93.4.3
Pests & Problems
93.4.4
Winter Storage
93.5
Propagation Notes
93.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
93.7
Additional Information
93.7.1
Natural History
93.7.2
In Cultivation
94
Ficus
spp.
94.1
Soil: Rich Mix
94.2
Light
94.3
Cultivation Notes
94.3.1
Potting & Root Pruning
94.3.2
Feeding
94.3.3
Pests & Problems
94.3.4
Winter Storage
94.4
Propagation Notes
94.5
Artistic & Styling Notes
94.6
Additional Information
94.6.1
Natural History
94.6.2
In Cultivation
95
Gingko biloba
95.1
Gingko; maidenhair tree
95.2
Soil: Rich Mix
95.3
Cultivation Notes
95.3.1
Potting and Root Pruning
95.3.2
Feeding
95.3.3
Pests & Problems
95.3.4
Winter Storage
95.4
Propagation Notes
95.5
Artistic & Styling Notes
95.6
Additional Information
95.6.1
Natural History
95.6.2
In Cultivation
96
Gleditsia triacanthos
96.1
Honey locust
96.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
96.3
Light
96.4
Cultivation Notes
96.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
96.4.2
Feeding
96.4.3
Pests & Problems
96.4.4
Winter Storage
96.5
Propagation Notes
96.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
96.7
Additional Information
96.7.1
Natural History
96.7.2
In Cultivation
97
Halesia carolina
97.1
Carolina silverbell
97.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
97.3
Light
97.4
Cultivation Notes
97.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
97.4.2
Feeding
97.4.3
Pests & Problems
97.4.4
Winter Storage
97.5
Propagation Notes
97.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
97.7
Additional Information
97.7.1
Natural History
97.7.2
In Cultivation
98
Ilex
spp.
98.1
Hollies
98.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
98.3
Cultivation Notes
98.3.1
Potting
98.3.2
Pruning
98.3.3
Feeding
98.3.4
Pests & Problems
98.3.5
Winter Storage
98.3.6
Species Notes
98.4
Propagation Notes
98.5
Artistic & Styling Notes
98.6
Additional Information
98.6.1
Natural History
99
Jacaranda mimosifolia
99.1
Jacaranda
99.2
Soil: Ericaceous Mix
99.3
Light
99.4
Cultivation Notes
99.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
99.4.2
Feeding
99.4.3
Pests & Problems
99.4.4
Winter Storage
99.5
Propagation Notes
99.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
99.7
Additional Information
99.7.1
Natural History
99.7.2
In Cultivation
100
Jasminum
sp.
100.1
Jasmines
100.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
100.3
Light
100.4
Cultivation Notes
100.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
100.4.2
Feeding
100.4.3
Pests & Problems
100.4.4
Winter Storage
100.5
Propagation Notes
100.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
100.7
Additional Information
100.7.1
Natural History
100.7.2
In Cultivation
101
Juniperus
spp.
101.1
Junipers
101.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
101.3
Soil: Lean Conifer Mix
101.4
Light
101.5
Cultivation Notes
101.5.1
Potting & Root Pruning
101.5.2
Feeding
101.5.3
Pests & Problems
101.5.4
Winter Storage
101.6
Propagation Notes
101.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
101.8
Additional Information
101.8.1
Natural History
101.8.2
In Cultivation
102
Koelreuteria
spp.
102.1
Chinese lantern tree, golden rain tree
102.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
102.3
Light
102.4
Cultivation Notes
102.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
102.4.2
Feeding
102.4.3
Pests & Problems
102.4.4
Winter Storage
102.5
Propagation Notes
102.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
102.7
Additional Information
102.7.1
Natural History
102.7.2
In Cultivation
103
Lagerstroemia indica
103.1
Crape myrtle
103.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
103.3
Light
103.4
Cultivation Notes
103.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
103.4.2
Feeding
103.4.3
Pests & Problems
103.4.4
Winter Storage
103.5
Propagation Notes
103.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
103.7
Additional Information
103.7.1
Natural History
103.7.2
In Cultivation
104
Ligustrum sinense
104.1
Chinese privet, common privet
104.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
104.3
Light
104.4
Cultivation Notes
104.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
104.4.2
Feeding
104.4.3
Pests & Problems
104.4.4
Winter Storage
104.5
Propagation Notes
104.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
104.7
Additional Information
104.7.1
Natural History
104.7.2
In Cultivation
105
Liquidamber styraciflua
105.1
Sweetgum
105.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
105.3
Cultivation Notes
105.3.1
Potting & Root Pruning
105.3.2
Feeding
105.3.3
Pests & Problems
105.3.4
Winter Storage
105.4
Propagation Notes
105.5
Artistic & Styling Notes
105.6
Additional Information
105.6.1
Natural History
105.6.2
In Cultivation
106
Lonicera japonica, L. fragrantissima
106.1
Japanese honeysuckle, Winter honeysuckle
106.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
106.3
Light
106.4
Cultivation Notes
106.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
106.4.2
Feeding
106.4.3
Pests & Problems
106.4.4
Winter Storage
106.5
Propagation Notes
106.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
106.7
Additional Information
106.7.1
Natural History
106.7.2
In Cultivation
107
Malus
species
107.1
Crabapples
107.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
107.3
Light
107.4
Cultivation Notes
107.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
107.4.2
Feeding
107.4.3
Pests & Problems
107.4.4
Winter Storage
107.5
Propagation Notes
107.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
107.7
Additional Information
107.7.1
Natural History
107.7.2
In Cultivation
108
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
108.1
Dawn redwood
108.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
108.3
Light
108.4
Cultivation Notes
108.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
108.4.2
Feeding
108.4.3
Pests & Problems
108.4.4
Winter Storage
108.5
Propagation Notes
108.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
108.7
Additional Information
108.7.1
Natural History
108.7.2
In Cultivation
109
Morella (Myrica) cerifera
109.1
Wax myrtle
109.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
109.3
Light
109.4
Cultivation Notes
109.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
109.4.2
Feeding
109.4.3
Pests & Problems
109.4.4
Winter Storage
109.5
Propagation Notes
109.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
109.7
Additional Information
109.7.1
Natural History
109.7.2
In Cultivation
110
Murraya paniculata
110.1
Orange jessamine
110.2
Soil: Rich Mix
110.3
Light
110.4
Cultivation Notes
110.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
110.4.2
Feeding
110.4.3
Pests & Problems
110.4.4
Winter Storage
110.5
Propagation Notes
110.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
110.7
Additional Information
110.7.1
Natural History
110.7.2
In Cultivation
111
Nandina domestica
111.1
Nandina, sacred bamboo
111.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
111.3
Light
111.4
Cultivation Notes
111.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
111.4.2
Feeding
111.4.3
Pests & Problems
111.4.4
Winter Storage
111.5
Propagation Notes
111.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
111.7
Additional Information
111.7.1
Natural History
111.7.2
In Cultivation
112
Nyssa sylvatica
112.1
Blackgum, tupelo
112.2
Soil: Ericaceous Mix
112.3
Light
112.4
Cultivation Notes
112.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
112.4.2
Feeding
112.4.3
Pests & Problems
112.4.4
Winter Storage
112.5
Propagation Notes
112.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
112.7
Additional Information
112.7.1
Natural History
112.7.2
In Cultivation
113
Ostrya virginiana
113.1
American hop hornbeam
113.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
113.3
Light
113.4
Cultivation Notes
113.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
113.4.2
Feeding
113.4.3
Pests & Problems
113.4.4
Winter Storage
113.5
Propagation Notes
113.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
113.7
Additional Information
113.7.1
Natural History
113.7.2
In Cultivation
114
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
114.1
Virginia creeper
114.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
114.3
Light
114.4
Cultivation Notes
114.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
114.4.2
Feeding
114.4.3
Pests & Problems
114.4.4
Winter Storage
114.5
Propagation Notes
114.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
114.7
Additional Information
114.7.1
Natural History
114.7.2
In Cultivation
115
Physocarpus opulifolius
115.1
Eastern ninebark
115.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
115.3
Light
115.4
Cultivation Notes
115.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
115.4.2
Feeding
115.4.3
Pests & Problems
115.4.4
Winter Storage
115.5
Propagation Notes
115.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
115.7
Additional Information
115.7.1
Natural History
115.7.2
In Cultivation
116
Pieris japonica
116.1
Japanese pieris
116.2
Soil: Ericaceous Mix
116.3
Light
116.4
Cultivation Notes
116.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
116.4.2
Feeding
116.4.3
Pests & Problems
116.4.4
Winter Storage
116.5
Propagation Notes
116.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
116.7
Additional Information
116.7.1
Natural History
116.7.2
In Cultivation
117
Pinus
sp.
117.1
Pines
117.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
117.3
Soil: Lean Conifer Mix
117.4
Light
117.5
Cultivation Notes
117.5.1
Potting & Root Pruning
117.5.2
Feeding
117.5.3
Pests & Problems
117.5.4
Winter Storage
117.6
Propagation Notes
117.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
117.8
Additional Information
117.8.1
Natural History
117.8.2
In Cultivation
118
Pistacia chinensis
118.1
Chinese pistache
118.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
118.3
Light
118.4
Cultivation Notes
118.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
118.4.2
Feeding
118.4.3
Pests & Problems
118.4.4
Winter Storage
118.5
Propagation Notes
118.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
118.7
Additional Information
118.7.1
Natural History
118.7.2
In Cultivation
119
Poncirus trifoliata
119.1
Hardy orange
119.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
119.3
Light
119.4
Cultivation Notes
119.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
119.4.2
Feeding
119.4.3
Pests & Problems
119.4.4
Winter Storage
119.5
Propagation Notes
119.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
119.7
Additional Information
119.7.1
Natural History
119.7.2
In Cultivation
120
Prosopis
spp.
120.1
Mesquite
120.2
Soil: Lean Conifer Mix
120.3
Light
120.4
Cultivation Notes
120.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
120.4.2
Feeding
120.4.3
Pests & Problems
120.4.4
Winter Storage
120.5
Propagation Notes
120.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
120.7
Additional Information
120.7.1
Natural History
120.7.2
In Cultivation
121
Prunus mume
121.1
Japanese flowering apricot
121.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
121.3
Light
121.4
Cultivation Notes
121.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
121.4.2
Feeding
121.4.3
Pests & Problems
121.4.4
Winter Storage
121.5
Propagation Notes
121.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
121.7
Additional Information
121.7.1
Natural History
121.7.2
In Cultivation
122
Prunus
spp.
122.1
Flowering cherries
122.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
122.3
Moisture
122.4
Light
122.5
Cultivation Notes
122.5.1
Potting & Root Pruning
122.5.2
Feeding
122.5.3
Pests & Problems
122.5.4
Winter Storage
122.6
Propagation Notes
122.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
122.8
Additional Information
122.8.1
Natural History
122.8.2
In Cultivation
123
Prunus subhirtella
123.1
Weeping cherry, Higan cherry
123.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
123.3
Moisture
123.4
Light
123.5
Cultivation Notes
123.5.1
Potting & Root Pruning
123.5.2
Feeding
123.5.3
Pests & Problems
123.5.4
Winter Storage
123.6
Propagation Notes
123.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
123.8
Additional Information
123.8.1
Natural History
123.8.2
In Cultivation
124
Pseudolarix amabilis
124.1
Golden larch
124.2
Soil: Ericaceous Mix
124.3
Light
124.4
Cultivation Notes
124.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
124.4.2
Feeding
124.4.3
Pests & Problems
124.4.4
Winter Storage
124.5
Propagation Notes
124.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
124.7
Additional Information
124.7.1
Natural History
124.7.2
In Cultivation
125
Punica granitum
125.1
Dwarf or hardy pomegranate
125.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
125.3
Light
125.4
Cultivation Notes
125.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
125.4.2
Feeding
125.4.3
Pests & Problems
125.4.4
Winter Storage
125.5
Propagation Notes
125.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
125.7
Additional Information
125.7.1
Natural History
125.7.2
In Cultivation
126
Pyrus calleryana
126.1
Callery pear, Bradford pear
126.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
126.3
Light
126.4
Cultivation Notes
126.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
126.4.2
Feeding
126.4.3
Pests & Problems
126.4.4
Winter Storage
126.5
Propagation Notes
126.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
126.7
Additional Information
126.7.1
Natural History
126.7.2
In Cultivation
127
Quercus
sp.
127.1
Oaks
127.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
127.3
Light
127.4
Cultivation Notes
127.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
127.4.2
Feeding
127.4.3
Pests & Problems
127.4.4
Winter Storage
127.5
Propagation Notes
127.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
127.7
Additional Information
127.7.1
Natural History
127.7.2
In Cultivation
128
Schefflera arboricola
128.1
Umbrella tree
128.2
Soil: Rich Mix
128.3
Light
128.4
Cultivation Notes
128.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
128.4.2
Feeding
128.4.3
Pests & Problems
128.4.4
Winter Storage
128.5
Propagation Notes
128.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
128.7
Additional Information
128.7.1
Natural History
128.7.2
In Cultivation
129
Sequoiadendron giganteum; Sequoia sempervirens
129.1
Giant sequoia; California or coastal redwood
129.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
129.3
Light
129.4
Cultivation Notes
129.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
129.4.2
Feeding
129.4.3
Pests & Problems
129.4.4
Winter Storage
129.5
Propagation Notes
129.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
129.7
Additional Information
129.7.1
Natural History
130
Serissa japonica
130.1
Tree of a thousand stars, snow rose
130.2
Soil: Rich Mix
130.3
Light
130.4
Cultivation Notes
130.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
130.4.2
Feeding
130.4.3
Pests & Problems
130.4.4
Winter Storage
130.5
Propagation Notes
130.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
130.7
Additional Information
130.7.1
Natural History
130.7.2
In Cultivation
131
Stewartia pseudocamellia
131.1
Japanese stewartia
131.2
Soil: Ericaceous Mix
131.3
Light
131.4
Cultivation Notes
131.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
131.4.2
Feeding
131.4.3
Pests & Problems
131.4.4
Winter Storage
131.5
Propagation Notes
131.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
131.7
Additional Information
131.7.1
Natural History
131.7.2
In Cultivation
132
Taxodium distichum, T. ascendens
132.1
Bald cypress, pond cypress
132.2
Soil: Moist Deciduous Mix
132.3
Light
132.4
Cultivation Notes
132.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
132.4.2
Feeding
132.4.3
Pests & Problems
132.4.4
Winter Storage
132.5
Propagation Notes
132.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
132.7
Additional Information
132.7.1
Natural History
132.7.2
In Cultivation
133
Ulmus
sp.
133.1
Elms
133.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
133.3
Moisture
133.4
Light
133.5
Cultivation Notes
133.5.1
Potting
133.5.2
Pruning
133.5.3
Feeding
133.5.4
Pests & Problems
133.5.5
Winter Storage
133.6
Propagation Notes
133.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
133.8
Additional Information
133.8.1
Natural History
133.8.2
In Cultivation
134
Vaccinium corymbosum
134.1
Highbush blueberry
134.2
Soil: Ericaceous Mix
134.3
Light
134.4
Cultivation Notes
134.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
134.4.2
Feeding
134.4.3
Pests & Problems
134.4.4
Winter Storage
134.5
Propagation Notes
134.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
134.7
Additional Information
134.7.1
Natural History
134.7.2
In Cultivation
135
Wisteria
species
135.1
Wisterias
135.1.1
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
135.1.2
Light
135.1.3
Cultivation Notes
135.1.4
Pests & Problems
135.1.5
Winter Storage
135.1.6
Propagation Notes
135.1.7
Artistic & Styling Notes
135.1.8
Additional Information
136
Zelkova serrata
136.1
Zelkova
136.2
Soil: General Deciduous / Rich Conifer Mix
136.3
Light
136.4
Cultivation Notes
136.4.1
Potting & Root Pruning
136.4.2
Feeding
136.4.3
Pests & Problems
136.4.4
Winter Storage
136.5
Propagation Notes
136.6
Artistic & Styling Notes
136.7
Additional Information
136.7.1
Natural History
136.7.2
In Cultivation
Published with bookdown
Growing & Styling Bonsai in Piedmont NC
Growing & Styling Bonsai in Piedmont NC
Dan Johnson, ‘The Bonsai Botanist’
2021-07-19
Photo by
Todd Trapani
on
Unsplash
